Everything about Gotong Royong totally explained
Gotong royong, is a conception of sociality familiar to large parts of
Indonesia and
Malaysia. The phrase has been translated into English in many ways, most of which harken to the conception of reciprocity or
mutual aid. For
M. Nasroen,
gotong royong forms one of the core tenets of Indonesian philosophy.
Background
In a 1983 essay
Clifford Geertz points to the importance of
gotong royong in Indonesian life:
An enormous inventory of highly specific and often quite intricate institutions for effecting the cooperation in work, politics, and personal relations alike, vaguely gathered under culturally charged and fairly well indefinable value-images--rukun ("mutual adjustment"), gotong royong ("joint bearing of burdens"), tolong-menolong ("reciprocal assistance")--governs social interaction with a force as sovereign as it's subdued.
Anthropologist Robert A. Hahn writes:
Javanese culture is stratified by social class and by level of adherence to Islam. ...Traditional Javanese culture doesn't emphasize material wealth. ...There is respect for those who contribute to the general village welfare over personal gain. And the spirit of gotong royong, or volunteerism, is promoted as a cultural value.
Gotong royong has long functioned as the scale of the village, as a moral conception of the political economy. However, as the political economy became more privatized, capitalistic, and individualistic,
gotong royong has probably waned. Pottier records the impact of the
Green Revolution in Java: "Before the GR, 'Java' had relatively 'open' markets, in which many local people were rewarded in kind. With the GR, rural labour markets began to foster 'exclusionary practices'... This resulted in a general loss of rights, especially secure harvesting rights within a context of mutual cooperation, known as
gotong royong." Citing
Ann Stoler's ethnography from the 1970s, Pottier writes that that cash was replacing exchange, that old patron-client ties were breaking, and that social relations were becoming characterized more by employer-employee qualities.
Political appropriation
For Prime Minister
Muhammad Natsir,
gotong royong was an ethical principle of sociality, in marked contrast to both the "unchecked" feudalism of the West, and the social
anomie of
capitalism.
Ideas of reciprocity, ancient and deeply enmeshed aspects of
kampung morality, were seized upon by
postcolonial politicians. John Sidel writes: "Ironically, national-level politicians drew on " village conceptions of
adat and gotong royong. They drew on notions "of traditional community to justify new forms of authoritarian rule."
During the presidency of
Sukarno, the idea of
gotong royong was officially elevated to a central tenet of Indonesian life. For Sukarno, the new nation was to be synonymous with
gotong royong. He said that the
Pancasila could be reduced to the idea of
gotong royong. On June 1 1945, Sukarno said of the Pancasila:
The first two principles, nationalism and internationalism, can be pressed to one, which I used to call 'socionationalism.' Similarly with democracy 'which isn't the democracy of the West' together with social justice for all can be pressed down to one, and called socio democracy. Finally - belief in God. 'And so what originally was five has become three: socio nationalism, socio democracy, and belief in God.' 'If I press down five to get three, and three to get one, then I've a genuine Indonesian term - GOTONG ROYONG [mutualco-operation]. The state of Indonesia which we're to establish should be a state of mutual co-operation. How fine that's ! A Gotong Royong state!
In 1960, Sukarno dissolved the elected parliament and implemented the
Gotong Royong Parliament.
Governor of
Jakarta,
Ali Sadikin, spoke of a desire to reinvigorate urban areas with village sociality, with
gotong royong.
Suharto's New Order was characterized by much discourse about tradition.
During the New Order, Siskamling harnessed the idea of gotong royong.
By the 1990s, if not sooner,
gotong royong had been "fossilized" by New Order sloganeering .
During the presidency of
Megawati, the
Gotong Royong Cabinet was implemented. It lasted from 2001-4.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Gotong Royong'.
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